As globalised supply chains linked consumers to far-flung manufacturers, East Asia positioned itself as the world’s largest factory floor, producing electronics, motor vehicles, textiles, machinery, metals and others. This geographical disconnect, which separated Western shoppers from the environmental impacts of their purchases, externalised the ecological toll onto Asia. The region accounts for over
three-quartersUnited Nations Industrial Development Organization – International Yearbook of Industrial Statistics, 2025 of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from industrial activity. Yet, with Asia emerging as the world’s largest consumer market, the deferred ecological cost of industrial production is evolving into an intra-Asia issue.